In Study 2, two elite ultra-distance athletes completed a 20 km training session on four occasions listening to synchronous motivational music, synchronous neutral music, an audio book, or no music. 29 (RPE) confirming small to moderate benefits of music. A total of 86 studies producing 162 effects showed weighted mean effects of d =. Which quantified effects of music on performance, feelings (Feeling Scale - FS), heart rate (HR), oxygen utilisation (VO2), and RPE. Study 1 was a meta-analysis of published research evidence, (RPE) and also investigated such effects among ultra-distance athletes in training and race environments. The present research quantifiedĮffects of music in sport and exercise, specifically in terms of performance, psychological responses, physiological functioning and ratings of perceived exertion Significant benefits to physical and psychological responses but whether such benefits apply to ultra-distance athletes is unknown. Curran_2012_PhD_recoded_Meta_post_submission.cmaĮffects of music in sport and exercise have been investigated in many forms since the first published study by Ayers (1911).
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